Cardiovascular SystemThe main purpose of the cardiovascular system is to provide a route for blood to penetrate every organ and tissue in the body. Using an analogy of roads the main route for blood to move threw the body are the arteries and veins from and to the heart. These are the freeways of the body, the artery takes oxygen rich blood from the heart and drops the blood off at intersections to highways called arterioles. The Veins take blood from the highways called venule’s where oxygen deprived and carbon monoxide and waste rich cells travel back to the kidneys to drop off waste and then to the heart and lungs for more oxygen. Both the major freeways (artery’s, veins) flow to highways (arteriole’s and venule’s) and meet at the local streets called capillary beds which would connect to the local houses (cells, skin, tissue organs, etc). There are no organs, cells, or tissues which are ever far from a capillary bed.
The lymphatic system could be thought of as the sewer. The lymphatic system picks up tissue fluid, which becomes lymph and eventually returns it to the streets and highways.
The freeways and highways of the body are very strong and made of the same three layers. There is connective tissue, elastic tissue and then smooth tissue with the endothelium being the center. Because of these three layers blood cells and other cells can not escape these roads once they are on them. (can not diffuse out of these pathways)
The streets (capillary beds) are thin walled pathways which allows diffusion of oxygen, water, amino acids, glucose, waste and carbon dioxide.
The heart and blood vessels (freeways, highways, and streets, sewers) are the main components of the cardiovascular system and with other organs regulate the bodies internal functions.
Actual image of my heart. HEART
The heart is a double pump organ. Blood enters the left atrium threw the veins and is pumped from the left side of the pump to the lungs. At the lungs the blood collects oxygen and goes to the right side of the pump and the right atrium. Now that the blood is oxygen rich it goes to the aorta the largest blood vessel in the body. From there the blood is pumped threw the arteries by pressure from the heart. The heart pumps O2 rich blood threw out the body using pressure. The carbon dioxide rich blood travels back to the heart threw the veins with the body muscles contracting to force blood up the veins where valves then shut to prevent the blood from back flowing (skeletal muscle pump).
Valves in the Heart.
Actual Image of my lungs, pretty good for a camera phone.
Exchanges at the capillaries
At the arteriole end of the capillary bed blood pressure is greater then osmotic pressure so water leaves the capillaries. At the venous end of the capillary bed osmotic pressure with the presence of proteins is greater then blood pressure so water enters the capillaries. In the midsection of capillary beds the blood pressure and osmotic pressure are the same so oxygen and nutrients diffuse out to tissue, and CO2 and waste diffuse in.
Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with tissue fluid
Flow of blood = left ventricle - aorta - common iliac artery - femoral artery - lower leg capillaries - femoral artery
Pulmonary circuit: exchange of gases
Blood flow threw the lungs. In the pulmonary circuit veins have O2 rich blood and arteries have CO2 rich blood, so the normal rule of O2 rich blood flow in arteries and CO2 rich blood flow in veins is opposite during the exchange of gases in the lungs.
The heart needs a constant supply of oxygen as well since it is one of the largest consumers of O2. The heart has its own set of arteries for getting blood, the coronary arteries. These arteries are the first to branch off of the aorta.
PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTING
Platelets (thrombocytes) are pieces of other cells called megakaryocytic in the red bone marrow. Platelets are essential to form a blood clotting also called coagulation.
The process: blood vessel is punctured, platelets congregate and form a plug, platelets and damaged tissue cells release prothrombin (Thrombin) activator, the fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells.
BLOOD TYPES
It is extremely important to determine a persons blood type prior to a blood transfusion. If blood of a different type is injected into the body of someone with a different blood type agglutination can occur. Agglutination is the clotting of the blood when the blood antibodies attach to antigen of the new blood. This causes the blood to group together and become to large to move threw the blood vessels causing serious blood clots. There are 4 blood types. Type A blood, Type B blood, Type AB blood, and Type O blood. Type O blood is known as the universal blood because agglutination will not occur with any other blood type. In reality there are a few other types of blood which can create other complications.
Homeostasis = The blood and cardiovascular system along all the other organs in the body work efficiently together to keep the body in homeostasis. Homeostasis is the bodies natural way of maintaining a constant internal temperature, and as work is done by the muscles or other environmental conditions are encountered the bodies internal organs and blood will work to keep the bodies internal functions as stable as possible.
Immune System.
The heart is a double pump organ. Blood enters the left atrium threw the veins and is pumped from the left side of the pump to the lungs. At the lungs the blood collects oxygen and goes to the right side of the pump and the right atrium. Now that the blood is oxygen rich it goes to the aorta the largest blood vessel in the body. From there the blood is pumped threw the arteries by pressure from the heart. The heart pumps O2 rich blood threw out the body using pressure. The carbon dioxide rich blood travels back to the heart threw the veins with the body muscles contracting to force blood up the veins where valves then shut to prevent the blood from back flowing (skeletal muscle pump).
Valves in the Heart.The cardiac cycle consists of the opening and closing of valves in the heart, designated as the working phase (systole) and the resting phase (diastole).
The pulse is how we measure how well the heart is pumping blood threw the body. There are two primary artery’s on the body used for measuring heart rate. Radial artery in the wrist and the carotid artery in the neck.
The pulse is how we measure how well the heart is pumping blood threw the body. There are two primary artery’s on the body used for measuring heart rate. Radial artery in the wrist and the carotid artery in the neck.
Blood pressure is measure two ways, the systolic pressure, the highest arterial pressure, blood being pumped from the heart, and diastolic pressure the pressure while the heart ventricles are relaxing. Blood pressure is determined by the blood being forced from the heart in the arteries, and is the blood being forced against the inside of the blood vessels.
Actual Image of my lungs, pretty good for a camera phone.Exchanges at the capillaries
At the arteriole end of the capillary bed blood pressure is greater then osmotic pressure so water leaves the capillaries. At the venous end of the capillary bed osmotic pressure with the presence of proteins is greater then blood pressure so water enters the capillaries. In the midsection of capillary beds the blood pressure and osmotic pressure are the same so oxygen and nutrients diffuse out to tissue, and CO2 and waste diffuse in.
Systemic Circuit: Exchanges with tissue fluid
Flow of blood = left ventricle - aorta - common iliac artery - femoral artery - lower leg capillaries - femoral artery
Pulmonary circuit: exchange of gases
Blood flow threw the lungs. In the pulmonary circuit veins have O2 rich blood and arteries have CO2 rich blood, so the normal rule of O2 rich blood flow in arteries and CO2 rich blood flow in veins is opposite during the exchange of gases in the lungs.
The heart needs a constant supply of oxygen as well since it is one of the largest consumers of O2. The heart has its own set of arteries for getting blood, the coronary arteries. These arteries are the first to branch off of the aorta.
RED BLOOD CELLS
Red blood cells are a good example of how evolution has allowed us to develop cells for a specific purpose. Red blood cells are only created to carry oxygen from the lungs and heart to all parts of the body and then to take waste to the liver and CO2 back to the lungs. Red blood cells have no organelles or nucleus. They do have 280 million molecules of hemoglobin which carry 4 molecules of O2.
Red blood cells are a good example of how evolution has allowed us to develop cells for a specific purpose. Red blood cells are only created to carry oxygen from the lungs and heart to all parts of the body and then to take waste to the liver and CO2 back to the lungs. Red blood cells have no organelles or nucleus. They do have 280 million molecules of hemoglobin which carry 4 molecules of O2.
Red Blood cells are produced from bone marrow at a rate of 2 million per second. They produce at this fantastic rate threw a special, simpler form of mitosis. When the body needs more RBC it produces erythropoietin in the kidneys and stem cells increase the production of RBC in bone marrow.
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
While red blood cells are designed for the cardiovascular system white blood cells are designed for the immune system and are the soldiers against disease. Unlike RBC white blood cells are larger and have a nucleus. RBC die at a rate of 250 million a minute while WBC not killed in fighting infections may live for years.
While red blood cells are designed for the cardiovascular system white blood cells are designed for the immune system and are the soldiers against disease. Unlike RBC white blood cells are larger and have a nucleus. RBC die at a rate of 250 million a minute while WBC not killed in fighting infections may live for years.
Types of White blood cells
Granular Leukocytes = White blood cells having granules like lysosomes, which contain various enzymes and proteins, these also help the WBC fight disease.
Neutrophil = 50-70% of all WBC, are like vacuum cleaners, they act as first responders to a pathogen or infection.
Eosinophil = during the event of a parasitic worm, infection, or allergic reaction they increase in number.
Basophil = release histamine to fight allergic reactions, histamine dilates blood vessels, but can also constrict the air tubes causing asthma attack or difficulty breathing.
Agranular Leukocytes = white blood cells which do not contain granulars (mononuclear leukocytes)
Lymphocyte = 25-35% of all WBC, responsible for specific immune defense. There are two types of lymphocyte B-cells and T-cells.
Monocyte = largest of WBC’s, they can become even larger macrophages and dendritic cells (vacuum cleaners)
Granular Leukocytes = White blood cells having granules like lysosomes, which contain various enzymes and proteins, these also help the WBC fight disease.
Neutrophil = 50-70% of all WBC, are like vacuum cleaners, they act as first responders to a pathogen or infection.
Eosinophil = during the event of a parasitic worm, infection, or allergic reaction they increase in number.
Basophil = release histamine to fight allergic reactions, histamine dilates blood vessels, but can also constrict the air tubes causing asthma attack or difficulty breathing.
Agranular Leukocytes = white blood cells which do not contain granulars (mononuclear leukocytes)
Lymphocyte = 25-35% of all WBC, responsible for specific immune defense. There are two types of lymphocyte B-cells and T-cells.
Monocyte = largest of WBC’s, they can become even larger macrophages and dendritic cells (vacuum cleaners)
PLATELETS AND BLOOD CLOTTINGPlatelets (thrombocytes) are pieces of other cells called megakaryocytic in the red bone marrow. Platelets are essential to form a blood clotting also called coagulation.
The process: blood vessel is punctured, platelets congregate and form a plug, platelets and damaged tissue cells release prothrombin (Thrombin) activator, the fibrin threads form and trap red blood cells.
BLOOD TYPESIt is extremely important to determine a persons blood type prior to a blood transfusion. If blood of a different type is injected into the body of someone with a different blood type agglutination can occur. Agglutination is the clotting of the blood when the blood antibodies attach to antigen of the new blood. This causes the blood to group together and become to large to move threw the blood vessels causing serious blood clots. There are 4 blood types. Type A blood, Type B blood, Type AB blood, and Type O blood. Type O blood is known as the universal blood because agglutination will not occur with any other blood type. In reality there are a few other types of blood which can create other complications.
Homeostasis = The blood and cardiovascular system along all the other organs in the body work efficiently together to keep the body in homeostasis. Homeostasis is the bodies natural way of maintaining a constant internal temperature, and as work is done by the muscles or other environmental conditions are encountered the bodies internal organs and blood will work to keep the bodies internal functions as stable as possible.
Immune System.BACTERIA and VIRUSES
Bacteria = Are body composition is mostly bacteria, and bacteria is all around all the time. Most bacteria is helpful and harmless and only on occasion can bacteria become a threat. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells which do not need a host to live and can replicate themselves independently of a host unlike viruses.
Viruses = do not have a nucleus but they do have a nucleic acid core with its own DNA. Viruses need the organelles of a host cell live and reproduce. Viruses while they can not live without a host cell they can stay dormant (sleeping) until an opportunity presents itself to take a host.
Pathogens is the term for anything foreign in the body including bad bacteria and viruses which need combating.
Bacteria = Are body composition is mostly bacteria, and bacteria is all around all the time. Most bacteria is helpful and harmless and only on occasion can bacteria become a threat. Bacteria are prokaryotic cells which do not need a host to live and can replicate themselves independently of a host unlike viruses.
Viruses = do not have a nucleus but they do have a nucleic acid core with its own DNA. Viruses need the organelles of a host cell live and reproduce. Viruses while they can not live without a host cell they can stay dormant (sleeping) until an opportunity presents itself to take a host.
Pathogens is the term for anything foreign in the body including bad bacteria and viruses which need combating.
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
The lymphatic system is crucial for the development of the bodies soldiers (B-cells, T-cells) and training theses soldiers for combat. All blood cells are created in the red bone marrow, this is where the regular troops B-cells will also develop. For the special forces soldiers they need extra training and develop in the thymus gland after being created in the red bone marrow. The other organs involved are the spleen where blood is cleansed of any pathogens and debris. The lymph nodes clean the lymph fluid of pathogens and debris. The tonsils, peyer’s patches and appendix are other organs which are involved in the lymphatic system.
The lymphatic system is crucial for the development of the bodies soldiers (B-cells, T-cells) and training theses soldiers for combat. All blood cells are created in the red bone marrow, this is where the regular troops B-cells will also develop. For the special forces soldiers they need extra training and develop in the thymus gland after being created in the red bone marrow. The other organs involved are the spleen where blood is cleansed of any pathogens and debris. The lymph nodes clean the lymph fluid of pathogens and debris. The tonsils, peyer’s patches and appendix are other organs which are involved in the lymphatic system.
NONSPECIFIC DEFENSES
The body has multiple ways to protect against pathogens, the first being or skin acts as the first line of defense to invading forces. If bacteria or viruses are able to penetrate the skin due to cuts or bruises or other sources the body has an inflammatory reaction. During this reaction the area surrounding the injury will become swollen and even red, this is caused by an increase in blood flow which is bringing the troops to the battle. The Europhiles and macrophages enter threw the blood stream and immediately start to clear away cellular debris and pickup and pathogens they can attack. These defenses are called nonspecific because the soldiers are responding to any threat that enters the body. Specific defense is where specialized soldiers are called in to attack a specific pathogen. This normally occurs after an initial attack is made with nonspecific defenses, it takes a little time to mobilize the special forces for attack.
The body has multiple ways to protect against pathogens, the first being or skin acts as the first line of defense to invading forces. If bacteria or viruses are able to penetrate the skin due to cuts or bruises or other sources the body has an inflammatory reaction. During this reaction the area surrounding the injury will become swollen and even red, this is caused by an increase in blood flow which is bringing the troops to the battle. The Europhiles and macrophages enter threw the blood stream and immediately start to clear away cellular debris and pickup and pathogens they can attack. These defenses are called nonspecific because the soldiers are responding to any threat that enters the body. Specific defense is where specialized soldiers are called in to attack a specific pathogen. This normally occurs after an initial attack is made with nonspecific defenses, it takes a little time to mobilize the special forces for attack.
SPECIFIC DEFENSES
As mentioned before specific defenses uses specially trained troops to fight the pathogens called B cells and T cells, these cells are also know as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
These are two types of white blood cells and both types generally fight the pathogens in the same way. First the pathogen is recognized by the B-cells which has a specific receptor that fits that particular pathogen. The B cell receptor (BCR) is DNA coded to recognize a specific pathogen. When the BCR encounters that pathogen in the blood stream it immediately starts to replicate, making exact duplicates of itself to fight the threat, this process is called clonal production. When the threat has been neutralized some of the B cells will stay in the blood stream as memory cells incase the same pathogen is present in the future. This allows for a much quicker build up of forces to attack the pathogen again. The rest of the B cells are no longer needed and will undergo cellular death called apoptosis. T cells are the biggest WBC’s and they will be called in to attack a pathogen when a macrophage using human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognizes and pathogen is present. Once a pathogen is recognized cytotoxic T cells will coordinate the attack while the helper T cells undergo clonal expansion until the battle is won. Again like B cells most of the T cells will die while a few will become memory T cells ready for the next time the same illness is present.
As mentioned before specific defenses uses specially trained troops to fight the pathogens called B cells and T cells, these cells are also know as B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes.
These are two types of white blood cells and both types generally fight the pathogens in the same way. First the pathogen is recognized by the B-cells which has a specific receptor that fits that particular pathogen. The B cell receptor (BCR) is DNA coded to recognize a specific pathogen. When the BCR encounters that pathogen in the blood stream it immediately starts to replicate, making exact duplicates of itself to fight the threat, this process is called clonal production. When the threat has been neutralized some of the B cells will stay in the blood stream as memory cells incase the same pathogen is present in the future. This allows for a much quicker build up of forces to attack the pathogen again. The rest of the B cells are no longer needed and will undergo cellular death called apoptosis. T cells are the biggest WBC’s and they will be called in to attack a pathogen when a macrophage using human leukocyte antigen (HLA) recognizes and pathogen is present. Once a pathogen is recognized cytotoxic T cells will coordinate the attack while the helper T cells undergo clonal expansion until the battle is won. Again like B cells most of the T cells will die while a few will become memory T cells ready for the next time the same illness is present.
AQUIRED IMMUNITY
Immunization is a good example of acquired immunity. When the individual is not in any immediate threat the body can be injected with a small sample of the viruses the physician is trying to prevent. Once the body has the small viruses the B cells and T cells will start the process of specific defense. Now the body will have built its own natural troops which will be ready to quickly contain the viruses when attacked again. This is how common children’s diseases are prevented before these crippling disease can take hold (mumps, measles, polio, etc).
The second type of acquired immunity is passive immunity where the individual is already suffering from the disease. In this case the specific antibodies to fight the infection or disease is injected into the body to provide extra support to combat the pathogen. This type of immunity is only short lived since the cells are injected in as opposed to the body producing the WBC’s naturally. Taking a flu vaccination every year is a good example of acquired immunity.
Immunization is a good example of acquired immunity. When the individual is not in any immediate threat the body can be injected with a small sample of the viruses the physician is trying to prevent. Once the body has the small viruses the B cells and T cells will start the process of specific defense. Now the body will have built its own natural troops which will be ready to quickly contain the viruses when attacked again. This is how common children’s diseases are prevented before these crippling disease can take hold (mumps, measles, polio, etc).
The second type of acquired immunity is passive immunity where the individual is already suffering from the disease. In this case the specific antibodies to fight the infection or disease is injected into the body to provide extra support to combat the pathogen. This type of immunity is only short lived since the cells are injected in as opposed to the body producing the WBC’s naturally. Taking a flu vaccination every year is a good example of acquired immunity.
HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Individuals who are hypersensitive will normally experience an immediate allergic reaction as the antibodies recognize foreign pathogens. A person could also experience a delayed reaction where it takes time for the T cells to mobilize and attack. The bodies natural defenses can also be harmful especially to individuals who need organ transplants. Before a person can receive organ transplant, care must be taken to ensure the body will not reject the foreign organ. Test are done on the individual to make sure the body will have the best chance of accepting the new organ.
Individuals who are hypersensitive will normally experience an immediate allergic reaction as the antibodies recognize foreign pathogens. A person could also experience a delayed reaction where it takes time for the T cells to mobilize and attack. The bodies natural defenses can also be harmful especially to individuals who need organ transplants. Before a person can receive organ transplant, care must be taken to ensure the body will not reject the foreign organ. Test are done on the individual to make sure the body will have the best chance of accepting the new organ.
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